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Sanskrit is a highly inflected language with three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and three numbers (singular, plural, dual). It has eight cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, and locative.〔W. D. Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects〕 Nouns are grouped into "declensions", which are sets of nouns that form their cases in a similar manner. In this article they are divided into five declensions. The declension to which a noun belongs is determined largely by form. == Cases == Sanskrit nouns have eight cases: nominative, accusative, instrumental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative, and vocative.〔W. D. Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language and the Older Dialects〕 Of these eight cases, Pāṇini identified six as ''kārakas'', or accessories to a verb. The six kārakas are the nominative, accusative, dative, instrumental, locative, and ablative cases. He defined them as follows (Ashtādhyāyi, I.4.24-54): # ''Apādāna'' (lit. 'take off'): "(that which is) firm when departure (takes place)." This is the equivalent of the ablative case, which signifies a stationary object from which movement proceeds. # ''Sampradāna'' ('bestowal'): "he whom one aims at with the object". This is equivalent to the dative case, which signifies a recipient in an act of giving or similar acts. # ' ("instrument") "that which effects most." This is equivalent to the instrumental case. # ' ('location'): or "substratum." This is equivalent to the locative case. # ''Karman'' ('deed'/'object'): "what the agent seeks most to attain". This is equivalent to the accusative case. # ''Kartā'' ('agent'): "he/that which is independent in action". This is equivalent to the nominative case. (On the basis of Scharfe, 1977: 94) Pāṇini failed to identify the genitive (''Sambandha'') and vocative (''sambuddha'') as cases.〔S.C. Vasu, The Astadhyayi of Pāṇini〕 Also he failed to notice that in a sentence like "vRkSas sarpeNa dRSTaH" (the snake saw the tree), the agent 'snake' has the ending of the instrumental case, not of the nominative, and the object 'tree' has nominative ending, not accusative. But six out of eight is not bad. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sanskrit nouns」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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